Biscuits

Origin

Biscuits date back to Ancient roman times. The term ‘biscuit’ originated from the French word which means “twice-cooked.” The process yields a low-moisture baked good that’s very stable during extended storage, making it ideal as a ration of the Roman Empire army.

The American biscuit was introduced  by European colonists during the latter part of the 18th century, and was referred to as a “soda” or “baking powder” biscuit. Biscuits were quickly adopted by home-bakers in the Southern region of the U.S. due to the availability of buttermilk, lard and soft wheat flour. First refrigerated (buttermilk) biscuits were made and patented by Ballard and Ballard in 1931 which later became Pillsbury biscuits.

How are biscuits made?

Here is a typical biscuit formula:^1,2

* Protein content 9.0–10.0%, ash content of about 0.40–0.45%
** Hydrogenated, plastic at room temperature, no emulsifiers added. Butter can also be used
*** Water and nonfat dry milk solids may also be used as replacement to perform similar functions as liquid milk
**** Baking soda may also be used. Then the dough mixture should be supplemented with acids such as vinegar, citrus fruit juice or buttermilk.

Producing a high-quality biscuit requires the following steps:

1. Ingredient scaling/metering.
2. Mixing. The multi-stage mixing method is preferred for its ability to produce consistent doughs which are not fully developed.
   • Blending all dry ingredients to rub or cut the shortening into the flour until fat is fully distributed and pea-sized lumps are visible. Mixing time could range from 2 to 3 min, depending on mixing speed (RPM), type of beater and load of the mixer.
   • Adding liquid ingredients (milk, water or other forms) until a homogeneous dough is obtained. Mixing time could range from 1 to 2 min, depending on RPM, type of beater and mixer load.
   • Target dough temperature ranges from 13–16°C (55–60°F). This prevents fat from melting, slows down chemical leavening reactions, enhances flakiness and reduces toughness in the baked good.
3. Resting or bench time of dough for 10–15 minutes.
4. Extruding, folding and sheeting of dough to a predetermined thickness.
5. Rotary cutting of dough pieces.
6. Baking at 232°C (450°F) for 10–12 minutes.
7. Removal from oven and cooling for 20 minutes on racks.
8. Packaging or displaying on shelf for retail sale.

The processing time, from scaling through loading the oven, should not exceed 20 minutes. A smooth operation will guarantee the effectiveness of chemical leavening and will yield a product with excellent characteristics.

Commercial production

Pre-shaped refrigerated or frozen biscuit doughs are available commercially with a relatively longer shelf-life of 2-3 months.

Refrigerated doughs are manufactured as described above with a significant variation: the dough is allowed to develop before packing into fiber containers. As the dough is proofed, carbon dioxide is generated which expands the dough and drives the oxygen out of the container.³

Application and relevant considerations

Biscuit doughs containing baking soda need to be quickly processed to prevent sodium bicarbonate from reacting too soon with acids even at room temperature. The proportion of CO₂ release should be 30% during mixing and bench time, and 70% during baking.⁴

Liquid forms of ingredients contain water to make them fluid and pumpable. When switching from dry to liquid forms, a mass balance is necessary to know the exact amount of solids added and water to be cut in the formulation.

The selection of flour is important for the characteristics of the finished baked product. As flour strength increases, product spread decreases and height increases. Sidewalls are strengthened when using flours from hard wheats, whereas flours from soft wheat tend to give the greatest break and recession around the center of the sidewalls of the biscuit.

The flour should only be hydrated and gluten partially developed in order to obtain the desired texture in the finished product.

References

1. Gisslen, W. “Quick Breads” Professional Baking, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017, pp. 211–227.
2. The Culinary Institute of America (CIA) “Quick Breads and Cakes” Baking and Pastry: Mastering the Art and Craft, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, pp. 237–252.
3. Tucker, D.R. and Willis, R.E. Refrigerated biscuit dough, U.S. Patent 3,879,563, The Pillsbury Company, 1975.
4. Labensky, S.R. “Quick Breads” On baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, pp. 136–167.