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Alginates

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Alginates

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Ingredient
What are alginates?

Alginates are natural polysaccharides derived from marine brown algae. They have unique properties which make them a valuable component of many applications.

In foods and bakery formulations, they are used to:

  • Stabilize dispersions
  • Increase viscosity
  • Form gels
  • Improve their overall texture
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Origin

Alginates were first described by a British chemist (Stanford in 1881) as the most abundant polysaccharide in brown algae encompassing up to 40% of its dry mass. It is present in the intercellular matrix as a gel with bivalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, strontium or with monovalent sodium. Since its discovery, they have been used in a wide range of applications such as foods and various consumer products.

The first reported use of this ingredient in the food industry was in the form of a gelling agent in the production of artificial cherries in 1946. Flavored, colored solutions of sodium alginate were introduced to a solution of calcium salt to form large drops resembling cherries. These products were very popular due to their stability and resistance to melting.1

Commercial production

Commercially, alginates are derived from various brown algae species such as Laminaria, Macrocystis, Ascophyllum, Eclonia, Lessonia, or Durvilleaand Sargassum.

Their extraction process starts with acidification of macerated algal tissue to convert the alginate salt into insoluble alginic acid which is further neutralized with an alkali to form soluble sodium alginates. Separation using sifting, floatation, centrifugation and filtration, or their combinations, can remove the residual algal matter1. The soluble sodium alginate is then directly precipitated by alcohol, calcium chloride or by mineral acid and the resultant is dried and milled. Other soluble variations that are produced include potassium or ammonium alginates.2

Composition

Alginates are linear acidic polysaccharides made up of 1-4 linked β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic acid (G) residues with varying sequence and composition.2

Molecular weight of commercially-available sodium alginates range from 32,000 to 400,000 g/mol.

Function3

The use of these ingredients in food applications is cost driven and ranges between 0.5-1.5% and are used to provide the following functions:

  1. Solubility: solubility is controlled by pH, ionic strength and the gelling ions content. Hard water, i.e. water containing ions such as calcium, hinders alginates solubility. They also precipitate under acidic conditions (pH < 3.5) or in the presence of high ion concentrations (mainly calcium). Sodium, potassium, and ammonium alginates are soluble in hot and cold water, and alkaline solutions. It is important to uniformly disperse alginates so that they swell and dissolve without forming lumps.2
  2. Viscosity: sodium alginates tend to form highly viscous solutions which remain stable under shear; thus providing smooth flow properties
  3. Unlike other gelling agents such as carrageenan and agar, alginates form heat stable gels at both high and low temperatures and at low pH as well.
  4. They can form clear, transparent films of sodium/ calcium alginate with high tensile strength

Nutrition

Alginates are essentially non-digestible in the gastrointestinal tract and are poorly fermentable soluble (viscous) fibers. Thus, they do not act as a direct source of energy or nutrition, however they have other benefits such as reduction in nutrition uptake by the small intestine.

Application3

Alginates are commonly used in the following applications:

  1. Jams, marmalades and fruit sauces (thickening)
  2. Low fat processed foods (improve sensory properties)
  3. Bakery creams (prevent syneresis and freeze/thaw stability)
  4. Non-frozen doughs (decrease dough pasting and increase moisture absorption)
  5. Cakes and bread mixes (improve shelf life and moisture retention)
  6. Bakery toppings and icings (stabilizer or thickening agent)

FDA regulation

Alginates such as Ammonium, Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium are considered GRAS (Title 21, Part 582). According to Part 184, they can be used in different applications within the following specific limitations:

Application Ammonium Calcium Potassium Sodium
Regulation part 184, section: 182. 1133 184.1187 182.1610 184.1724
Stabilizer or thickener in: Maximum permitted use in food, expressed as % (specific functions)
Confections, frostings 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3
Gelatins, puddings 0.5 0.25 0.7 4.0 (Firming agent, flavor adjuvant)
Baked goods n/a 0.002 n/a n/a
Fats and oils 0.5 0.5 n/a n/a
Other goods 0.1 (Humectant, stabilizer, thickener) 0.3 0.1 1.0 (Emulsifier, firming agent, flavor enhancer, flavor adjuvant, processing aid, stabilizer and thickener, surface active agent)

References

  1. Qin, Y., Jiang, J., Zhao, L, Zhang, J, Wang, F. “Chapter 13 – Applications of Alginate as a Functional Food Ingredient” in Biopolymers for Food Design, Academic Press, 2018, pp. 408-429.
  2. Draget,K I. “Alginates.” In Handbook of hydrocolloids, Woodhead Publishing, 2009. pp. 807-828.
  3. Kohajdová, Z., and Jolana K. “Application of hydrocolloids as baking improvers.” Chemical Papers 63(1), 2009. pp 26-38.