Gluten-free flour

Grains that can be used to replace wheat in gluten-free pizza are oat, rice, corn, sorghum, buckwheat, and teff, among others.2

Enzyme approaches2

Enzymes have been applied for improving dough rheological characteristics or dough-handling properties and for shelf-life extension of gluten-free products.

  • Transglutaminase can be used for polymerizing proteins from one or more sources through the formation of intermolecular cross-links. Transglutaminase has successfully improved the rheological and handling properties of oat dough and rice dough.
  • Glucose oxidase is a popular oxidizing enzyme used in the food industry. It has been shown to enhance the elastic-like properties of sorghum, corn, and rice flours.
  • Amylase can modify gluten-free batter through hydrolysis, oxidation, or a protein cross-linking reaction, resulting in improvement of rheological properties and related product attributes.
  • Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) (EC 2.4.1.19) can modify the pasting properties of different starches by converting starch and related sugars into cyclodextrins (CDs). CDs have the ability to entrap hydrophobic molecules in their internal cavity and act as a “molecular container.” Addition of CGTase to rice flour is known to affect its rheological properties.
  • Tyrosinase and laccase are oxidative enzymes capable of catalyzing cross-linking biopolymers via their phenolic moieties. These enzymes can contribute in improving the viscoelastic properties of gluten-free pizza dough by the formation of covalent bonds within or between cereal biopolymers.

High-pressure (HP) application

Effects of HP have been examined on starches like barley, rice, sorghum, and flours like buckwheat, teff, rice, sorghum, and oats. Results have demonstrated the ability of HP to modify the viscoelastic and structural properties of cereal batters, through starch gelatinization as well as protein structural changes.2  

Sourdough fermentation

Adding sourdough culture into gluten-free pizza dough can modify the dough’s rheological properties.2

Extrusion technology (Pre-extruded flours as a gluten substitute)

Extrusion processing of starch-based materials results in changes in the functional properties of extruded products, such as water absorption index, water solubility, breaking strength and rheological behavior of flour slurry. Application of extruded rice flour has been successfully used to develop gluten-free batter as a novel gluten substitute.2

Ingredient solutions

  • Modified starches
  • Gums
  • Chemical leavening agents
  • Proteins

FDA ruling

On August 2, 2013, the FDA issued a final rule defining “gluten-free” for food labeling. The compliance date for the final rule was August 5, 2014. The final rule requires that any unavoidable presence of gluten in food must be less than 20 ppm.1,3

References

  1. U S Food and Drug Administration. Allergens – Questions and Answers: Gluten-Free Food Labeling Final Rule.  US FDA Home Page. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Affairs, 2 May 2016. www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/ucm362880.htm. Accessed 14 July 2017.
  2. Singh D.N., Deswal A., Mishra H.N. Alternative approaches towards gluten-free dough development: recent trends. Food Engineering Reviews 6.3 (2014):89-104.
  3. Bakerpedia. Gluten-Free | Baking Processes.  https://bakerpedia.com/processes/gluten-free/. Accessed 15 July 2017.