Wheat

Origin

Wheat was cultivated about 10,000 years ago and is believed to have originated in the Fertile Crescent, along with other staple crops.² Within a few short millennia, it spread into other parts of the world. In the U.S., it was first grown off an island of Massachusetts in 1602.

Earliest cultivated forms were mainly landraces selected by farmers from wild populations, presumably because of their superior yield. Recent domestication efforts were based on the  selection of genetic traits that are crucial for the grain’s ease of processing and functionality such as:³

• Reduced shattering, an important trait for ensuring seed dispersal in natural populations
• The change from hulled forms to free-threshing naked forms.

Types/varieties

The primary basis for differences in how wheat is used essentially comes down to grain hardness, a texture characteristic caused mainly by a specific ‘hardness’ gene expression. Other less direct factors include growing conditions, moisture, lipids, pentosans and protein content.¹

In addition to durum, four main classes can be distinguished:

• Hard red winter: primarily used to produce breads, tortillas, crackers.
• Hard red spring: used in making breads, crackers, and rolls.
• Soft red winter: used in cookies, cakes, pastries, and biscuits.
• Soft white: used in cakes, pastries, and cookies.

Function

A wheat kernel contains three parts:

• Germ: this  responsible for sprouting the wheat berry, but it’s generally it is removed from flour because its fat content .
• Bran: responsible for its beneficial edible fiber while the germ contains most of the micronutrients and antioxidants.
• Endosperm: the endosperm structure is one of the most important criteria for wheat classification and it influences significantly the milling process, particle size of flour and milling yield.

Viscoelastic characteristics of wheat flour are due to the gluten protein complex formed from the major storage proteins, glutenin and gliadin. These are found in the endosperm. Molecularly, glutenin is the main wheat flour component responsible for dough cohesiveness and elasticity. As baking commences, gliadins react with glutenin. This sets the loaf structure.⁴ Similar textural changes are prevalent in soft wheat processing and cookies/cake formation though to a lesser extent.

Wheat processing generally includes hydration and shearing steps, in which flour is converted to viscoelastic dough, and a heating step, during which the gluten protein structure sets.

During pasta production, drying and subsequent boiling prior to consumption generate the desired pasta quality.

Nutrition

Compared to other cereals, wheat has a positive nutritional profile, as it is high in protein and dietary fiber. It is also a good to excellent source of many micronutrients, notably B-vitamins, iron and zinc.

Similar to other whole grain foods, wheat has gained increased consumer interest, a result of the proliferation of epidemiologic studies showing protective effect, mainly the fiber component, against many western diseases such as obesity, high cholesterol levels and many others.⁵

Although high in starch, the nutritional importance of wheat should not be underestimated. This is especially important in less developed countries where bread, noodles and similar foods provide a substantial proportion of the diet.

However, wheat products are also known or suggested to be responsible for a number of adverse reactions in humans, including gluten intolerances (celiac disease) and allergies.

Application

In the baking industry, wheat is utilized primarily in the form of flour. It enables a light, airy, soft loaf of bread because of gluten proteins. Other uses include cakes, cookies, pastries, pasta, etc.

The cohesive properties of gluten proteins provide for their ability to entrap carbon dioxide and water vapor during leavening, causing the loaf to rise. These proteins can also be isolated in the form of concentrates or isolates to be used in the production of texturized proteins used in snacks and cereal products or as meat extenders or replacers in vegetarian diets. Wheat proteins can also be hydrolyzed to improve their solubility in nutritional beverages or snack bars.

Wheat starch, generated by wet-processing, is favored for its purity, desirable color, paste viscosity as well as gel strength essential for their applications as thickeners. This fraction can also be modified to produce instant starches.

References

1. Turnbull, K.M. and Rahman, S. Endosperm texture in wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 36, 3, pp: 327-337.
2. Feldman, F. and levy, A. A. Allopolyploidy – a shaping force in the evolution of wheat genomes.  Cytogen. Genomic Res. 2005, 109, pp: 250-258.
3. Dubkovsky, J. and Dvorak, J. Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science, 2007, 316, 5833, pp. 1862-1866.
4. Lagrain, B., Brijs, K., Veraverbeke, W. and Delcour, J.A. the impact of heating and cooling on the physicochemical properties of wheat gluten-water suspensions. J. cereal Sci. 42, 3, pp: 327-333.
5. Jacobs, d.R., Meyer, K.A., Kushi, L.H. and Folsom, A.R. Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 68, 2, pp. 248-257.