Organic Ingredients

Origin

The term “organic” was officially defined in the U.S. in 2002 following the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (OFPA).

Created by the U.S. National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), OFPA establishes standards, develops definitions and provides technical recommendations to the National Organic Program (NOP). This is a federal regulatory program within the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) of USDA.³

Materials banned in the production of these ingredients^1,2

How are they certified?

In order to claim an ingredient as organic, it must meet USDA organic standards. Also, the producer needs to go through a certification process. The USDA sets standards for livestock, crops, and multi-ingredient foods. These standards are codified in 7 CFR Section 205. The USDA is the government agency that certifies organic food.

In this process, a USDA certifying agent first inspects the facilities where the food is grown and processed. Then, they determine whether organic standards are being met. If so, the producer can to label food products with the organic seal.³

The organic certification agency approves all packaging, artwork, sanitation, chemicals and pest control. Once approved, businesses receive registration and a business license for a $2,600 fee. The whole process can take from 12 to 16 weeks.

How is an organic product labelled?

For ingredients and finished products foods to be labeled “organic,” they have to fit one of the four official definitions listed by USDA. This table shows the different definitions:^2,3

Organic term	Definition	Labeling allowed
100% Organic	All ingredients of the finished product are certified 100% organic.
Organic	95% of finished product ingredients meet organic criteria.
Made with Organic Ingredients	70% of the finished product ingredients meet organic criteria.	“Made with Organic Ingredients”
Contains Organic Ingredients	Less than 70% of the finished product ingredients meet organic criteria.	May only list organic ingredients on the information panel.

* The USDA organic seal indicates if a product is at least 95% organic.

Application in bakeries

Bakery ingredients that can be partially or totally “organic” include:

• Cereals and grains flours
• Vital wheat gluten
• Milk, nonfat dry milk, butter
• Baker’s yeast
• Egg and egg products
• Oils
• Starch
• Sugar (sucrose) from beet and cane
• Honey
• Spices
• Raisins
• Meat-based ingredients

Organically-produced ingredients allow bakers to offer products that bear the logo. As a result, this increases the product’s perceived value among consumers.

It is debatable whether these ingredients taste better or are more nutritious than their traditional counterparts. Evidence does not seem to be conclusive, and seems to depend on consumers preferences and perceptions. To date, organic ingredients are typically more expensive and still lack consistency in product quality, mainly due to environmental factors.

Organic bread production

Regulation

The  FDA has not provided an official definition or standards for organic ingredients. However, Poultry, meat and eggs are regulated by the Food Safety Inspection Service of USDA (FSIS).⁴

The FDA indicated in press releases that “natural” means that nothing artificial or synthetic, including all color additives, regardless of source has been included in, or added to the food.⁴

References

1. International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). “O.” Dictionary of Food Science and Technology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2009, p. 305.
2. Blair, R. “The Shift to Organic Food.” Organic Production and Food Quality. A Down to Earth Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012, pp. 1–11.
3. Brown, A. “Food Selection.” Understanding Food Principles and Preparation, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2015, pp. 16–19.
4. Sanchez, M.C. “Misbranding.” Food Law and Regulation for Non-Lawyers. A US Perspective, 2nd Edition, Springer International Publishing AG, 2018, pp. 112–124.