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Commercial Baking Ingredients:

Patent Flour

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Ingredient
What is patent flour?

Bakers often use the term patent flour to refer to baking flour. However, most flour sold today, whether bread, cake or pastry, is patent flour.

This ingredient is a high quality, commercial grade white flour.

  • It’s the milled product of the innermost part of the endosperm of the wheat grain.
  • The flour is low in ash and has a good white color.
  • The highest quality is called extra short or fancy patent.
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Origin

The United States Patent Office Commissioner granted George T. Smith a patent for the milling equipment design1 which initially produced patent flour. The invention, a “Smith washer” was first used in 1870 at a mill near Minneapolis, Minnesota. The flour produced with this equipment brought in $1.00 more a barrel more than other flour produced in the region.2

The Washburn and Pillsbury mills in Minneapolis area, invested in Smith, his processing equipment and knowledge. These mills saw their flour production quality and volume grow as interest in this new, high quality milling process began to spread.

Commercial production

Milled wheat flour can be categorized into four basic edible streams. These streams are defined by quality. Two of these streams are defined as patent flour and they make up the majority of the flour produced.

Of the four basic edible streams of milled flour, the first two streams are:3

  • Top patent flour: The purest and most highly refined flour stream from the mill. It is about 50% of the flour yield from the batch.
  • Second patent flour: The flour stream with intermediate degree of refinement; a little less endosperm and a bit more impurities (0.45% ash).  It is about 35% of the flour yield from the batch.

These streams are selectively combined from different types of wheat and sifted to produce commercial grades of flour including: 4

  • Bread flour: Blended from batches of hard red spring or winter wheat. It averages a protein content of 13%.
  • General all purpose flour: Blended from top patent flour. Typically from milled hard spring wheat  and it has a slightly lower protein content than bread flour.
  • Pastry flour: Blended from milled soft red winter wheat patent flour. It is low in protein (7-9.5%) and not bleached.
  • Cake flour: It is the highest quality patent flour, short or fancy, coming from the heart of the endosperm. It is milled from soft wheat, low in protein (6-8%)  and often bleached.

Nutrition

White flour contains mostly starch (68-76%) and protein (6-18%). It is also composed of moisture, a small amount of fat, gums and ash.  Since patent flour is relatively low in ash, the mineral content and nutritional quality of patent flour is low.

Application

Most refined white wheat flours are patent flours and, based on whether they are milled from hard or soft wheat, have a different amounts of protein. Hard wheat is high in protein and more suitable for breads. Soft wheat is low in protein and suitable for cakes. A mixture of the two varieties of flours, all purpose flour, is versatile and finds use in a variety of baked goods.

FDA regulations

Flour is listed under the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 137.105). Wheat is also one of the eight major food allergens requiring labeling as specified by FDA guidelines.

References

  1. United States Patent Office. “Commissioner’s Decisions”. Official Gazette, vol.7:1, Jan. 5, 1975.
  2. Smith, G. “Communications: The Origin of Patent Flour”. American Miller and Processor, 1913.Volume 41, pp. 709.
  3. Rodriguez-Velazquez, S. “Understanding Ingredients: Flour”. Chemistry of Cooking, https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/Understanding_Ingredients%3A_Flour Accessed on 21 Dec. 2018.
  4. Figoni, P. “Wheat. How Baking Works 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, New Jersey.