Puff Pastry

Products such as croissant, Danish pastry, strudel, creme, torte cakes are often grouped under puff pastry, However, since croissant and Danish pastry are yeast-leavened, there is a tendency to exclude them from the puff pastry category.¹  Many newer variations also include flavored/colored doughs such as chocolate to add to its visual appeal and taste.

Origin

The origin of the puff pastry is quite unclear. While the Dictionnaire universel de cuisine credits a chef named Feuillet with its invention; other sources indicate that puff pastry was known to  the ancient Greeks as shown in a charter drawn up by Robert, bishop of Amiens (1311). Despite this finding, puff pastry is known to have been brought back into fashion later by the artist, Claude Lorrain and a chef Feuillet, thus the name Pâte Feuilletée.²

How is puff pastry made?

While not included under the category of viennoiserie, puff pastry is traditionally processed in a similar manner with some modifications to improve or shorten the process.

Making puff pastry involves preparing a water-based dough, referred to as the detrempe which is flattened to enclose a block of butter (beurrage) within it. The dough/butter assembly is repeatedly sheeted out and folded to form alternating layers of dough and fat. Single, double folds or their combinations can be formed with a minimum of at least four single folds and up to a maximum of six.

Four basic variations of  puff pastry are commonly known:^3,4

1. Blitz puff pastry: “Blitz” is a German word for “lightning,” a reference to the speed of the lamination process. Using this method, the fat is distributed throughout the dough non-uniformly in the form of small discs. Upon baking, Blitz pastry dough does not rise sufficiently which limits its utilization to cream fillings and other less refined applications.
2. Traditional puff pastry: the butter block is sandwiched between two layers of dough and then laminated. This process requires a fairly long processing time.
3. Italian puff pastry: also known as pasta sfogliata. This pastry dough contains white wine and eggs and requires intensive mixing prior to lamination using the traditional method.
4. Inverted puff pastry: as the name suggests, the layers of dough and fat are reversed in this pastry dough. A reversible dough sheeter is required for this process. Baking results in a crispy and flaky product as the layers of fat become one during lamination. Although this process is fairly difficult, the pastry dough does not shrink, therefore, eliminates the need for final rest as in other methods.

A typical puff pastry formula:^4,5

*Butter for lamination is a percent of the total dough weight.

Producing a high-quality puff pastry requires the following steps:

1. Ingredient scaling/metering
2. Mixing for 4-5 minutes until all ingredients are well incorporated. Full development of gluten occurs during the lamination process.
3. Resting of the dough for about 1 hour.
4. Sheeting the dough to the desired thickness.
5. Laminating into 5-6 single folds, two folds at a time followed by a 30 minutes of rest between each folding set.
6. Once the desired number of layers has been achieved, the dough is then sheeted down to around 0.6-0.8 inches to be baked or packaged.

Puff pastry can be prepared fresh or obtained as a ready-made chilled or frozen mass. Commercially, large-scale pastry dough manufacture can be made in batches or using continuous production lines. The pastry sheet containing the fat is rolled out and by transversal unfolding is reloaded from one belt to another of lower speed. A sheet of up to 128 layers of fat and dough can be obtained which is then cut, filled, shaped and brushed prior to packaging.

Application

Puff pastry’s final quality is dependent on how well the lamination process is carried out. The formation of crisp and flaky texture is caused by the vapor generated from the dough during baking and further entrapment by the fat layers. This vapor exerts sufficient pressure against the layers leading to their expansion. The higher the number of layers, the crispier the corresponding product. The generation of high quality puff pastry requires a variety of factors to be taken into consideration:

• Sheetability: The process should avoid overstressing the dough. In some cases, proteases and/or reducing agents may be added to the dough during mixing to improve its sheetability.⁴
• Lamination thickness: The layers must be sheeted to an even thickness to ensure even rise during baking.
• Production temperature: A low  temperature (10–20°C) must be maintained in the plant to prevent the roll-in fat from melting or from becoming too hard to sheet well.
• Melting point: The butter or fat must always have an adequate melting point and plasticity to ensure smooth running of the line. Traditionally, flour is mixed with the roll-in butter and set in a refrigerator prior to lamination to increase the dough’s plasticity and to keep it from melting.
• Baking: Producing a crisp and flaky final product requires baking in a convection oven at 176°C for various durations depending on the product.

References

1. Cauvain, S. and Young, L. Baking Problems Solved, 2001. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. pp 280.
2. Jones, B., and Robuchon, J.. “Puff Pastry.” New Concise Larousse Gastronomique: the Culinary Classic, Revised and Updated Edition, Hamlyn, 2007, pp. 937.
3. Suas, M. “Viennoiserie” Advanced Bread and Pastry: A Professional Approach, first printing, Delmar, Cengage Learning, 2009, pp. 331–346.
4. Suas, M. “Advanced Dough Technology and Dough Conditioners” Advanced Bread and Pastry: A Professional Approach, first printing, Delmar, Cengage Learning, 2009, pp.127–160.5.
5. Gisslen, W. “Pastry Basics” Professional Baking, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2017, pp. 315–351.